Approximate completion time 1 hour.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will take you through the process of updating statutes. It builds on concepts developed in the lesson, Introduction to State and Federal Statutes, and the Codification lesson. This lesson assumes a basic understanding of statutes including how they are created and codified.

lwr24

Approximate completion time 1 hour.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This is an introductory lesson on federal and state statutes, to acquaint first-year law students with this important form of law. The lesson focuses on the basic structure of statutes and the sources in which they appear. It doesn't describe how to research statutes, but you'll learn statutory research much more easily if you learn this material first.

The lesson begins with a Skills Assessment Quiz. This quiz is designed to help you figure out how much you already understand statutes. It covers the most essential information on statutes, which should be gained from the lesson. At the end of the lesson, you can retake the Skills Assessment Quiz and discover how effectively you have improved your understanding.

lwr15

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson covers the common law rules and various statutory approaches governing recovery of damages for injuries resulting in death. Questions and problems in the lesson consider the circumstances under which and the extent to which damages are available to protect the interests of persons who die as a result of tortious injuries and the interests of the survivors of those persons.

Students working on the lesson are required to solve problems by parsing and applying statutory language of survivor statutes and wrongful death statutes drawn from eleven different states. In one question, students are invited to construct their own statutory provision to address a problem of coordination between survival and wrongful death statutes.

Students who successfully complete the lesson will have a good working grasp of the different interests addressed by survival statutes and wrongful death statutes; how to calculate damages under each; and the limitations upon recovery that such statutes are likely to contain. Completion of the lesson on Damages for Personal Injuries prior to working on this lesson is highly recommended.

trt43

Approximate completion time 30 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson introduces the student to the doctrine and processes involved in interpreting state and federal statutes. Statutes are a critical part of every substantive area of the law, so this is important background for every law student, lawyer and judge.

lcs03

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This exercise is intended to do 2 things: 1) teach you the basic approaches to finding statutes, and 2) provide you with review exercises to reinforce your understanding. It is assumed you are already familiar with the forms of statutory publication when you run this lesson. See the lessons "Introduction to State and Federal Statutes" or "Forms of Federal Statutory Publication" if you need to review these matters first.

While this lesson is intended for first year students, the review sections may be used independently to ‘refresh your recollection,’ so if you haven’t had to deal with statute research for awhile and now have to do it, you can brush up your skills.

lr23

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This exercise is intended to do 2 things: 1) teach you the basic approaches to finding statutes, and 2) provide you with review exercises to reinforce your understanding. It is assumed you are already familiar with the forms of statutory publication when you run this lesson. See the lessons "Introduction to State and Federal Statutes" or "Forms of Federal Statutory Publication" if you need to review these matters first.

While this lesson is intended for first year students, the review sections may be used independently to ‘refresh your recollection,’ so if you haven’t had to deal with statute research for awhile and now have to do it, you can brush up your skills.

lr23

Approximate completion time 20 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will introduce you to how codes are created, how they're organized, how they're published, and what it all means for your legal research. It is intended for first-year law students, or anyone who needs a refresher on the basics of this topic. This lesson assumes that you are familiar with how statutes are passed and how they're first published, either from your own knowledge or from the CALI lesson Introduction to State and Federal Statutes. For one of the questions in this lesson, you should have your Bluebook or ALWD Citation Manual handy.

lwr16

Approximate completion time 1.25 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This is an introductory lesson on Canadian legal research. This particular lesson treats research techniques and sources from the perspective that you are faced with a case based problem. A second separate lesson treats Canadian legal research from the perspective that you have a statute based problem. The lessons assume no knowledge of the areas, but treat basic research in Canadian federal statutes, administrative material, and cases. It is assumed that readings and these exercises are in preparation for doing research with a basic Canadian legal collection, and that the collection might simply consist of Lexis, Quicklaw, or use of the Internet. Paper publications optionally used, include the Statutes of Canada, 1984 - , the Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, and the Canada Gazette Part II (1987-).

lwr12

Approximate completion time 1 hour.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This is an introductory lesson on Canadian legal research. This particular lesson treats research techniques and sources from the perspective that you are faced with a statute based problem. A second separate lesson treats Canadian legal research from the perspective that you have a case based problem. The lessons assume no knowledge of the areas, but treat basic research in Canadian federal statutes, administrative material, and cases. It is assumed that readings and these exercises are in preparation for doing research with a basic Canadian legal collection, and that the collection might simply consist of Lexis, Quicklaw, or use of the Internet. Paper publications optionally used, include the Statutes of Canada, 1984 - , the Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, and the Canada Gazette Part II (1987-).

lwr11

Approximate completion time 25 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson assumes you are familiar with the requirement of consideration. It also assumes you are familiar with the rule that past consideration is not good consideration. As you may recall, "past consideration" is a misnomer. If a party makes a promise to pay for a benefit previously conferred, there is no consideration for the promise because the benefit was not bargained for in exchange for the promise. The topic of this lesson is one of the exceptions to this general rule—statutes (whether derived from the common law or, for example, the Uniform Commercial Code) that dispense with consideration.

con24

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson addresses the enforcement provisions of the child custody jurisdiction statutes. It also addresses the international aspects of child custody enforcement. The lesson should be worked after completing the lesson on Child Custody Jurisdiction.

The lesson assumes that the student is familiar with the provisions of the UCCJA, the PKPA, and the UCCJEA, but does not assume knowledge of the enforcement provisions of these statutes. The lesson does not assume that the student has a great deal of exposure to the international aspects of this issue, other than perhaps a brief overview of the Hague Convention and the International Parental Kidnapping Act.

fam25

Approximate completion time 35 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This is the second in a series of lessons on culpability requirements under the Model Penal Code (MPC). This Lessonette® exercise, which assumes students are familiar with the basic requirement that every material element have a state of mind, addresses the state of mind that applies to each element when one or more states of mind are contained in an MPC criminal statute. The lesson introduces students to the various types of elements in MPC statutes and to the general rule, found in § 2.02(4), that where a state of mind is specified, it applies to all material elements unless a contrary purpose plainly appears. The lesson affords students the opportunity to practice the default rules relating to states of mind on mock statutes and to learn how the legislature expresses a contrary purpose.

crim23

Approximate completion time 30 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

Drafters of contracts, wills and statutes are plagued with the ambiguities inherent in the use of these two connectors. This lesson is designed to identify these ambiguities and then help students to draft with conjunctions which eliminate those ambiguities.

After completing this lesson students should be able not only to identify ambiguous uses of 'and' and 'or' so that they may better analyze contracts, wills or statutes which they read, but they should also be able to draft documents so that ambiguities are avoided. A variety of real life applications are presented for each drafting problem and students are called upon to draft solutions. Students will interview a client to determine which meaning is appropriate, thus reenforcing the notion that drafting is an iterative process calling upon the lawyer to identify and clarify ambiguities in the client's instructions.

This ambiguity inherent in 'and' and 'or' is discussed at length in Scott Burnham's Drafting and Analyzing Contracts (LexisNexis 3d edition). This lesson uses Burnham's taxonomy as its basis.

lwr04

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This exercise is designed for a student who has already read most of the material on personal jurisdiction in a typical first year civil procedure course. The topics covered include: the "minimum contacts" test as a measure of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment, the interpretation and application of typical longarm statutes, the interplay of statutory interpretation with the constitutional requirements, the difference between "specific" and "general" jurisdiction, the extent to which a defendant may contractually waive jurisdiction protections, an exploration of the different ways in which the jurisdictional rules apply depending on whether the defendant is an individual or a corporation, and the continued viability of the concept of "transient" jurisdiction.

The above topics are explored through a series of hypotheticals, beginning with an extended variation on the facts of International Shoe. The two predominant jurisdictional statutes used in the exercise are the Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act and the Rhode Island (California) statute which extends jurisdiction to the limits of the Due Process Clause. At appropriate points in the exercise students are able to refer back to the introductory fact situations, the Uniform Act, a list of important citations and previous related questions. The exercise is divided into three parts, so that one part can be conveniently done at a sitting.

civ19

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson gives the basics of copyright and trademark research, including historical background, statutes, regulations, cases, secondary sources, international materials, and current awareness tools.

lr51

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson gives the basics of copyright and trademark research, including historical background, statutes, regulations, cases, secondary sources, international materials, and current awareness tools.

lr51

Approximate completion time 40 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson covers the area traditionally known as "negligence per se." The problem of when can a civil or criminal statute be used as the standard of care in negligence cases is the primary matter discussed. The lesson gives some special attention to the "Dram Shop" example.

trt16

Approximate completion time 2.5 to 3 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson provides an introduction to research using primary sources of Maryland law, including case reporters and digests, statutes, legislative history, agency regulations and decisions, and attorney general opinions.

lr46

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will introduce you to the GNU/Linux operating system and its interaction with Copyright Law.

You can complete this lesson without any exposure to the law of copyrights, but the other CALI lessons on copyright will explore basic copyright concepts.  This lesson will be helpful to students studying concepts of ownership in the copyright context. After this lesson and the model answers to the essay questions, you will understand the interaction between current copyright and licensing law and the open source movement's freedom.

cpy05

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This CALI lesson is intended to familiarize the reader with legal research materials in the District of Columbia. The lesson focuses on primary sources such as statutes, cases, agency regulations, and decisions.

lr62

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This CALI lesson is intended to familiarize the reader with legal research materials in the District of Columbia. The lesson focuses on primary sources such as statutes, cases, agency regulations, and decisions.

lr62

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson is the second of several addressing the various relationships resulting in the concurrent ownership of property. It is designed to introduce Property students to this tenancy form. The interactive tutorial progresses from addressing the traditional requirements to create a tenancy in common, the lack of right of survivorship, and the status of the tenancy in common under modern statutes.

ppl12

Approximate completion time 1.75 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson is the first of several addressing the various relationships resulting in the concurrent ownership of property. It is designed to introduce Property students to this tenancy form. The tutorial progresses from addressing the traditional unities required to create a joint tenancy, the resulting right of survivorship, and the numerous events severing the tenancy. Also, it addresses with the status of joint tenancy under modern statutes.

ppl21

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson is the third of several addressing the various relationships resulting in the concurrent ownership of property. It is designed to introduce Property students to this tenancy form. The lesson progresses from addressing the traditional elements required to create a tenancy by the entirety, the resulting right of survivorship, and the events severing the tenancy. Also, it deals with the status of the tenancy by the entirety under modern statutes.

ppl24

Approximate completion time 50 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson provides an introduction to voting trusts and voting agreements—what they are, how they work, and why you might choose one over the other. In particular, this lesson examines the statutory provisions found in the Model Business Corporation Act (MBCA) that govern voting trusts (Section 7.30) and voting agreements (Section 7.31). In addition to the substantive material, it is intended to provide the student with an opportunity to hone their skills reading and interpreting statutes.

corp13

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson focuses upon the purpose, interpretation, and application of recording statutes. The lesson should help students understand the following: what a recording act is and what functions a recording act serves; what kinds of interests are covered by recording acts, and what types of persons may claim the protection of a recording act; the three types of recording acts used in American jurisdictions and the differences between them; how to interpret the language of a typical recording act (and to distinguish between the three basic types); and how to apply a recording act to resolve conflicting claims to the same land.

ppl09

Approximate completion time 1 hour.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will provide an interactive overview of Pennsylvania Primary Resources. Follow Will Penn as he learns to research Pennsylvania's Constitution, Statutes, Legislative History, Administrative Regulations, Case Law, Citators, Court Rules & Briefs.

lr54

Approximate completion time 1 hour, 15 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson is intended to familiarize the reader with Georgia legal research materials. The lesson focuses on Georgia's primary source material including cases and digests, citators, statutes, administrative materials, court rules and ethics.

lr42

Approximate completion time 40 - 50 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will provide an overview of secondary resources used in legal research. Secondary resources are books and other material ABOUT legal subjects and issues: they discuss and explain primary resources such as cases and statutes and can be useful in assisting our understanding about specific areas of law. The student will learn about the different types of secondary resources and what secondary resources are most useful for specific types of legal research tasks.

lwr35

Approximate completion time 1-2 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

Copyright Law may seem shrouded in mystery: how can you create, transfer, and protect property interests in something intangible? This lesson provides an overview of how it is done, focusing on copyright protection for music. This focus takes advantage of the multimedia capacity of the program; for example, you can listen to two musical works to determine whether one infringes the other, and you can listen to the parody version of "Pretty Woman" that figured in a decision of the United States Supreme Court. Students familiar with copyright law will find many resources beyond those they studied in class. Hypertext links take you to cases and statutes, and addresses are provided for web sites where you can obtain additional information.

ip01

Approximate completion time 25 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson addresses the oft-stated maxim that ignorance or mistake of law is no defense and examines its relevance under the Model Penal Code. Using sample statutes and scenarios, it demonstrates that, as a general principle, no state of mind is required as to whether a defendant's conduct constitutes an offense. The Lesson explores the policies behind the rule and its "reasonable reliance" exceptions. Students have an opportunity to practice applying the various exceptions and to gain an understanding of the burden of proof regarding the reasonable reliance defense.

crim25

Approximate completion time 2 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

Effective December 1, 2006, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended to reflect changes in discovery resulting from the electronic storage of information. CALI's lessons do not yet reflect these amendments. As each lesson is revised to reflect the amended rules, the lesson's catalog description will be updated to enable students and faculty to easily tell which lessons include the amended rules.

As its name implies, this lesson is designed to give the student an introduction to the subject of interpleader. The lesson briefly describes the concept of interpleader and some of the historical limitations on the remedy, but its focus is on interpleader under the federal statute and Rule 22. The lesson introduces the various procedural issues involved—such as subject matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction and venue—and highlights the differences between statutory and rule interpleader on these subjects. The lesson also contains a segment on the problem presented in State Farm v. Tashire—enjoining other pending actions. The lesson requires the student to use the relevant statutes and rules, which are included in the lesson.

civ21

Approximate completion time 45 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson covers the types of marks that are deemed eligible for protection under federal and state dilution laws. Although the focus is on eligibility under the Federal Trademark Dilution Act (Lanham Act section 43(c)), there is coverage of the different types of state dilution statutes--those based on the earlier (1964) Model State Trademark Bill (such as Massachusetts), and those based on the federal statute. The lesson also covers the significance of the term "distinctive" in the statutory scheme.

tm01

Approximate completion time 1.5 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson on federal tax research covers the legislative, administrative, and judicial materials used in the specialized area of tax law. A basic knowledge of primary sources such as statutes, regulations, and cases; secondary sources such as treatises, law reviews, newsletters, citators, digests, and periodical indexes is assumed. Federal taxation is a specialized field with many publications devoted solely to federal taxes. For general background there are many excellent CALI lessons, including, but not limited to Researching Federal Legislative History, Forms of Statutory Publication, Introduction to Secondary Resources, and Updating/Validating Case Law Using Citators.

lr60

Approximate completion time 40 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson focuses upon a number of doctrines that are closely related to adverse possession of land. It includes a discussion of the following doctrines: agreed boundaries; mutual recognition and acquiescence; estoppel; good faith improvement; and the extent to which one can establish title to chattels by adverse possession (or by the operation of finding statutes). The lesson is in "lecturette" format. Each doctrine is introduced with a brief, slide-accompanied lecture introduction, and the lesson concludes with a series of review questions designed to reinforce student understanding of the material introduced in the lecturette.

ppl46

Approximate completion time 50 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will introduce students to the estate in fee tail, one of the traditional estate in land recognized by Anglo-American Law. While the fee tail has been abolished in most American jurisdictions, it continues to be recognized in modified form in a few states. Understanding the fee tail will give you a better understanding of the system of estates in land as a whole. This lesson will describe: the characteristics of the traditional fee tail; the characteristics of the fee tail in those states which continue to recognize it today; and the treatment under modern statutes of attempts to create a fee tail in states which no longer recognize that estate.

ppl26

Approximate completion time 20:15 minutes.

Prof. Lind teaches Copyright, Trademark, Entertainment Law, Mass Media law, and Museum and Art Law at Southwestern. He is also the author of several CALI lessons on copyright and trademark law. In this podcast, he explains the confusion that arises from the use of the term "song." Prof. Lind also discusses the terms "author" and "sound recording" and their implications for protection under the U.S. Copyright Act. In this podcast Prof. Lind analyzes several performances (a vocalist and comedy improv troupe) and discusses whether their performances are protected by Copyright Law and the role of the Bootlegging statutes.

cpy21p

Approximate completion time between two and five hours..

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson will help you master legal citation using the ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation (Third Edition). Throughout this lesson, you will be asked to read specific portions of the ALWD Citation Manual. You then will be asked to complete interactive exercises that will test your understanding of and ability to apply the various citation rules. Topics covered include typeface, spacing abbreviations, capitalization, ordinal numbers, pinpoint pages and section numbers, full and short citation formats, cases, statutes, books, legal periodicals, introductory signals, and quotations. You may complete the entire lesson at one time or complete segments as you cover various parts of the Manual in class or on your own.

lwr10

Approximate completion time 35 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This Lessonette® exercise, which assumes basic understanding of the default rules of construction, introduces the concept of mistake under the Model Penal Code. It is fairly basic in its coverage. The lesson introduces the MPC approach to mistake and relates it to common law doctrines. Using sample statutes and scenarios, it shows the relationship between the required state of mind and mistake and demonstrates how reasonableness is not generally required in MPC analysis. It then covers the difficult concepts addressed in § 2.04(2) (guilt of lesser offenses where defendant makes a "culpable" mistake) and explores the policy underpinnings of this rule. At the conclusion of the lesson, students should have an understanding of how the MPC deals with claims of ignorance and mistake. The lesson provides a separate section of review/practice questions.

crim24

Approximate completion time 35 minutes.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This is an elementary lesson that introduces the concept of default rules in the Model Penal Code. It focuses on several sections of MPC § 2.02 relating to minimum culpability requirements. After completing this lesson, students should understand that, except in rare cases, the MPC requires a state of mind as to every material element of an offense, and that generally recklessness is the minimum level of culpability required. Students will also obtain a working knowledge of the terminology of the MPC, including elements, material elements and the various states of mind. They will also be introduced to the hierarchy of states of mind expressed in § 2.02(5). This lesson uses sample statutes and scenarios to allow students to practice applying the default rules and hopefully to provide an understanding of why default rules are desirable.

crim22

Approximate completion time 2 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

This lesson has been revised to reflect the December 1, 2006 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as they were re-written effective December 1, 2007.

The student is asked, in this exercise, to answer questions about whether a hypothetical action could be brought in various fora.

This exercise is designed primarily to give basic instruction on statutes relating to diversity jurisdiction, removal, venue, and personal jurisdiction. However, the exercise also requires the student to interpret two diversity jurisdiction cases that deal with change of citizenship by acquisition of a new domicile.

Everything the student needs to know for the exercise is contained in the exercise; so the exercise can be assigned prior to reaching the subject in class, with a view toward allowing class discussion to begin at a higher level.

civ03

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

CANINE (The Complete Article Nine) is a unique set of learning materials designed to assist both law students and lawyers to be effective Article 9 practitioners. It consists of a comprehensive collection of text and interactive problems modeled after a conventional casebook or treatise. The text may be printed from a PDF or Word format and is designed to be used with a commercially available set of commercial law statutes. The online version has the same content as found in the hardcopy, but in addition it provides hyperlinks that allow users to pull up statutory and secondary references and a keyword search capability.

The interactive problem sets found at the end of each chapter are likely to be the most valuable section for students, and may be done as stand-alone exercises. In the online version they provide the immediate feedback that is so important for effective learning. The tailoring of feedback to fit a user's level of expertise and understanding allows a user to proceed at his or her own pace and to reexamine questions and feedback as the user may wish.

ct11_1

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

CANINE (The Complete Article Nine) is a unique set of learning materials designed to assist both law students and lawyers to be effective Article 9 practitioners. It consists of a comprehensive collection of text and interactive problems modeled after a conventional casebook or treatise. The text may be printed from a PDF or Word format and is designed to be used with a commercially available set of commercial law statutes. The online version has the same content as found in the hardcopy, but in addition it provides hyperlinks that allow users to pull up statutory and secondary references and a keyword search capability.

The interactive problem sets found at the end of each chapter are likely to be the most valuable section for students, and may be done as stand-alone exercises. In the online version they provide the immediate feedback that is so important for effective learning. The tailoring of feedback to fit a user's level of expertise and understanding allows a user to proceed at his or her own pace and to reexamine questions and feedback as the user may wish.

ct11

Approximate completion time 20-45 minutes for each section, 4.75 hours.

To run this Lesson please visit the new CALI website here.

Effective December 1, 2006, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended to reflect changes in discovery resulting from the electronic storage of information. CALI's lessons do not yet reflect these amendments. As each lesson is revised to reflect the amended rules, the lesson's catalog description will be updated to enable students and faculty to easily tell which lessons include the amended rules.

This exercise is designed to help students learn the principles of joinder under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It is designed to be used in different ways. Students may use it as a tutorial to accompany assigned readings, as a supplement to reinforce concepts discussed in class, or as a review before exams. The tutorial is interactive, requiring the student to respond to various questions and hypotheticals to learn the principles embodied in the rules. It does not assume any specific knowledge of the joinder rules - it is designed to teach the rules from scratch.

The exercise uses hypertext links between various parts of the tutorial. These links offer students options in navigating through the lesson so they are not forced to follow a particular order. The user is the master of the organization. All of the rules and statutes that are needed are available as part of the lesson and may be viewed at any time by selecting an on-screen button.

The lesson includes units on a variety of joinder topics: Claim Joinder (Rule 18); Party Joinder (Rule 20); Counterclaims; Cross-claims; Third-Party Claims (Rule 14); Compulsory Joinder (Rule 19); and Intervention (Rule 24). It also contains an extensive unit devoted to the Subject Matter Jurisdiction problems raised by these rules. Finally, there is a review unit to allow the user to apply the principles learned in the lesson. The exercise is not tied to the organization of any particular civil procedure text.

civ18